Língua Inglesa - Aula 04 - Conectivos e Adjetivos Comparativos e superlativo

SAVE OFFLINE

LÍNGUA INGLESA

PROF. EDUARDO FOLKS

CONNECTORS 1) Presenting Addition “And” 1.1) BESIDES / FURTHERMORE / MOREOVER / IN ADDITION TO WHAT´S MORE / BEYOND THAT (“Além disso”; “Além do mais”) The cameras will deter potential criminals. Moreover, they will help police a great deal when a crime actually is committed. The house is beautiful. Furthermore, it's in a great location. I don’t think going for a walk is a good idea. It’s quite cold, and, besides, it’s getting late and we don’t want to be out in the dark. The company provides cheap Internet access. In addition, it makes shareware available. These detergents are environmentally friendly. What's more, they're relatively cheap. That ruthless ruler is perpetrating ethnic cleansing. Beyond that, we can see guerrilla warfare, widening access to nuclear capability and the proliferation of biological weapons. 1.2) TOO = AS WELL “Too” e “as well” são usados no final das orações afirmativas ou interrogativas. Ann is a teacher. She has worked as a babysitter, too/as well. Has she worked as a babysitter, too/as well? Steve not only plays the drums. He sings too/as well. Does he sing too/as well? 1.3) ALSO “Also” é usado antes do verbo principal ou depois do primeiro verbo auxiliar de orações afirmativas. Ann is a teacher. She has also worked as a babysitter.

Steve not only plays the drums. He also sings. Nina runs a catering company. Also, she plans parties. (more emphatic) 1.4) AS WELL AS = AND ALSO A shop that sells books as well as newspapers. A new enterprise in a new land would require much capital and also credit. 1.5) EITHER (também) “Either” é usado no final de orações negativas. She doesn't like rock. She's not fond of jazz either. Ed doesn't want to eat. He doesn't want to drink anything either. EITHER (cada um;a/qualquer um;a) – em afirmativas. I like both cars. I’d be happy with EITHER. There’s a rest area on EITHER side of the road. 1.6) LIKEWISE / SIMILARLY IN THE SAME WAY (do mesmo modo, igualmente) We put up a fence, and other neighbors did likewise. - ‘You’re always welcome at our house.’ -‘Likewise.’ 2) PRESENTING PURPOSE IN ORDER TO (THAT) = SO AS TO (THAT) = TO Ed came home early in order to see the children before they went to bed. (Or) Ed came home early in order that he could see the children before they went to bed. I drive at a steady 50 mph so as to (so as that I) save fuel.

3) PRESENTING CAUSE / REASON - “because” 3.1) BECAUSE = FOR = AS = SINCE (porque, por causa de, já que) I presume that they're not coming, since they haven't replied to the invitation. I almost missed my flight because there was a long queue at the check-in. I cannot tell whether she is old or young, for I have never seen her. We asked Philip to come with us, as he knew the road. As it was getting late, I turned around to start for home. * AS (while or when) I saw Peter as I was getting off the bus. As the two men were leaving, a message arrived. * AS (function) She got a job as a cook. He worked as a teacher in the local high school. 3.2) DUE TO = BECAUSE OF AS A RESULT OF = OWING TO (devido a) The court ruled that the crash was due to driver error. The event has been cancelled owing to lack of interest. 4)PRESENTING CONCLUSION / RESULT “so” 4.1) SO / THEN She was ill so she went to see a doctor. If 2x = 8, then x = 4. Then (at a particular time in the past) I was working in the city then (in the past). Then (what happens next or what you do next) Let me finish this job, then we'll go.

Joe travelled to Croatia and then to Greece. 4.2) THUS / THEREFORE / HENCE / CONSEQUENTLY / ERGO (Assim; Portanto; Desta forma) Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire. Thus it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty. It was clear Lucy was unhappy. Therefore, it comes as no surprise she has decided to resign. She already had a lot of experience and therefore seemed the best candidate for the job. The cost of transport is a major expense for an industry. Hence factory location is an important consideration. [...] housing conditions, which is a basic need and essential indicator for the life quality of a family and, ergo, of a population. The book has no narrator or main character. Consequently, it lacks a traditional plot. * HENCE = TO COME several years hence / six months hence 5)PRESENTING CONDITION “if” 5.1) IF=AS LONG AS = PROVIDED (THAT) = PROVIDING (se, contanto que) You can get a job as long as you have experience. 5.2) UNLESS (a menos que) You can't get a job unless you have experience (= you can get a job if you have experience). WHETHER (expressing doubts) if, or not: She asked me whether I was interested in working for her. I was questioning whether we have the money to fund such a project. 5.2) OTHERWISE

We’d better send it express, otherwise it’ll take days. (If we do not send it express, it will take days.) Call home, otherwise your parents will start to worry. 6) PRESENTING CONTRAST “BUT” 6.1)

DESPITE

=

IN

SPITE

OF

(Apesar)

REGARDLESS

OF

/

NOTWITHSTANDING I enjoyed the weekend despite the weather. Notwithstanding the injuries, the team won the semifinal. The rate of contribution to the pension plan is the same for all employees, regardless of age. 6.2) (EVEN)THOUGH = ALTHOUGH = WHILE = WHEREAS (embora) Although the car's old, it still runs well. While I don't recommend a night-time visit, by day the area is full of interest. Whereas the city spent over $1 billion on its stadium, it failed to look after its schools. 6.3) ALBEIT / ALTHOUGH (despite the stated thing) We welcome this package as a step in the right direction, albeit with some reservations. He was making progress, albeit rather slowly. 6.4) HOWEVER / EVEN SO / NEVERTHELESS / STILL NONETHELESS (Contudo; Entretanto; Ainda assim) This is a cheap and simple process. However, there are dangers. Security at the event has been tightened since last year. Nonetheless, about 1000 managed to get in without tickets. That guy is crazy. Still, he's harmless.

6.5) YET / BUT (“Mas”, “Entretanto”) He's overweight and bald, yet he's attractive. It's a nice dress, but it creases very easily. 6.6) THOUGH = NEVERTHELESS= HOWEVER He can't ride a motorcycle. He drives well, though. The outcome of the Butler Report may have been predictable but it's remarkable, nevertheless. 6.7) RATHER (THAN) / INSTEAD (OF) (Em vez de; como) alternative or preference I couldn't afford a new car. RATHER, I bought a used one. INSTEAD OF buying a new car, I bought a used one. *RATHER (bastante) It’s a rather lousy film. She answered the phone rather sleepily. *OR RATHER (melhor dizendo, corrigindo) “My father, OR RATHER, my stepfather.” (politeness) ⇒ I rather think he was telling the truth. I rather like the decorative effect. 7) PRESENTING TIME RELATION 7.1) AFTERWARD(S) = LATER (ON) (mais tarde; posteriormente; depois) A couple of years afterwards I bumped into her in a supermarket. He had a swim and afterward he lay on the beach for a while. 7.2) MEANWHILE = IN THE MEANTIME (Enquanto isso) The doctor will be here soon. In the meantime, try to relax.

The computers should be working again soon. Meanwhile, let`s get on with some paperwork. 7.3) HITHERTO = SO FAR = UNTIL NOW (até agora) A species of fish hitherto unknown in the West. So far we've made £32,000. 7.4) HENCEFORTH = HENCEFORWARD = FROM NOW ON = HEREAFTER (de agora em diante, daqui para a frente) He announced that henceforth he would be running the company. Hereafter the two companies will operate in full partnership. * the hereafter - life after death. / She had a firm conviction that they would meet again in the hereafter. 7.5) PRESENTLY – SOON – IN A WHILE We will be leaving presently. 7.6) IMMEDIATELY – RIGHT AWAY – AT ONCE Ingrid answered Peter's letter at once. I need someone to help me right away. 7.7) AS SOON AS – WHEN – ONCE As soon as he entered the room, he knew there was something wrong. Once you begin, you'll enjoy it. 8) COMPOUND CONNECTORS 8.1) NOT ONLY… BUT ALSO The war caused not only destruction and death but also generations of hatred between the two communities. Not only will they paint the outside of the house but also the inside. 8.2) WHETHER… OR (NOT) (giving two options or alternatives) She didn’t know whether he was laughing or crying.

Whether you like it or not, you’re going to have to look after your sister. 8.3) BOTH…AND (emphasises the link between two things. This makes a stronger connection than ‘and’ alone) Both Britain and France agree on the treaty. (stronger link than Britain and France agree on the treaty.) 8.4) EITHER…OR (connects two choices) It’s either black or grey. I can’t remember. You can stay either with me or with Janet. Either I drive to the airport or I get a taxi. 8.5) NEITHER…NOR (It connects two or more negative alternatives) We got so wet. We had neither umbrellas nor raincoats with us. Neither our families nor our friends know that we are getting married! 9) EMPHASIS INDEED = REALLY = CERTAINLY = IN FACT = ACTUALLY Evidence suggests that errors may indeed be occurring. Indeed, it could be the worst environmental disaster in Europe this century. He was in fact near death by the time they reached him. They suspected that she'd killed him but they could never actually prove that it was her. TESTS ON CONNECTORS Although the sun was shining it wasn't that warm.” The word Although can be replaced, without any change in meaning, by •

Though

•

Despite

•

However

•

Even so

•

In spite of

“Concepts of ‘good taste’, appropriate conduct, or aesthetic merit are not natural or universal. Rather, they are rooted in social experience and reflect particular class interests.” Select the alternative which could replace Rather without significant change in meaning. •

Instead

•

Indeed

•

But

•

Although

•

However

‘Burke knocked out Byrne, thus becoming champion’ Thus pode ser substituído sem prejuízo de sentido e correção gramatical por •

However

•

Though

•

In addition

•

Therefore

•

Eventually

Na frase “Moreover, PCs and telecommunications are bringing the perennial kids-and-career battle to an end”, a palavra moreover pode ser substituída por

a) however

c) in addition to that

b) such as

e) notwithstanding

d) provided that

The word “but” as in “small but noisy” is used INCORRECTLY in a)…short but strong b)…beautiful but charming c)…slow but efficient d) long but easy e) difficult but interesting

YET in “Yet less than 1% of the Earth’s water is drinkable” is used to •

introduce a statement which makes a contrast with what has just been

said. •

indicate that the previous statement is not significant in relation to what

you’re about to say. •

introduce the idea that the situation has existed up until the present time.

•

indicate that a particular fact does not make the rest of your sentence

untrue. •

indicate that the figure you have just mentioned may not be accurate.

A expressão que pode substituir hitherto no segmento “The weather, which had hitherto been sunny and warm, suddenly turned cold” está na alternativa a)

as far

b)

so far

c)

as far as

d)

farther than

e)

further

“The weather has been sunny and warm in the north of Brazil. In the meantime southern states have been coping with heavy rain and cold.” A expressão “In the meantime” pode ser substituída sem alteração de sentido por a)

Therefore.

b)

Hence

c)

Instead

d)

Meanwhile

e)

Nonetheless

ADJECTIVES DEGREES OF COMPARISON 1) COMPARATIVE OF INFERIORITY ESTRUTURA: LESS(menos) + ADJETIVO + THAN (que) Big cars that use a lot of petrol are less popular now than twenty years ago. Getting out of bed in summer is less difficult than in winter. 2) COMPARATIVE OF EQUALITY (TÃO..... QUANTO... ) ESTRUTURA: AS(tão) + ADJETIVO + AS (quanto) Ex: The world’s biggest bull is as big as a small elephant. Rory hasn’t grown as tall as Tommy yet. Is the Euro as strong as the Sterling? ATENÇÃO: Também admite-se a estrutura abaixo para frases NEGATIVAS. not SO (não tão) + ADJETIVO + AS This new laptop is not so (as) fast as my old one. I’m sorry I bought it now. The cycling was not so (as) hard as the cross country hiking we did. *apenas em frases negativas ATTENTION!!!! As seguintes construções funcionam como EXPRESSÕES IDIOMÁTICAS. AS WELL AS (assim como) Technical advances brought new aesthetic possibilities AS WELL AS lower costs. AS FAR AS I’M CONCERNED / AS FAR AS I KNOW / AS FAR AS I CAN TELL(pelo que sei) The work will take about six weeks, AS FAR AS we can tell. AS SOON AS (tão logo)o logo) Can you come AS SOON AS possible (ASAP)?

AS LONG AS (contanto que) Security is not a problem AS LONG AS you never give anyone your password. 3) COMPARATIVE OF SUPERIORITY Na formação do comparativo de superioridade é importante diferenciar os adjetivos pequenos (monossílabos e alguns dissílabos, geralmente compostos de até seis letras) dos adjetivos grandes (polissílabos, normalmente compostos por mais de seis letras). ADJETIVOS PEQUENOS (ATÉ 6 LETRAS) ESTRUTURA: ADJETIVO + ER + THAN Acrescenta-se a terminação ER aos adjetivos. (cold- colder/dark-darker/smartsmarter) It was a longer holiday than the one we had last year. It’s colder today than yesterday. ADJETIVOS GRANDES (MAIS DE 6 LETRAS) ESTRUTURA: MORE + ADJETIVO +THAN Maggie is more interested in music than sport. American corporations are more profitable than European’s. WATCH OUT!!! More cheaper than More gladder than - ous (famous) - ing (boring) MORE

- ed (bored) - ful (joyful) - less (joyless)

than

4) SUPERLATIVE Assim como o comparativo de superioridade, o Superlativo também tem regras diferenciadas entre adjetivos pequenos e grandes. ADJETIVOS PEQUENOS (ATÉ 6 LETRAS) ESTRUTURA: THE + ADJETIVO + EST Acrescenta-se a terminação EST (long-longest / rich-richest / small-smallest) Ex: The USA is the largest economy in the world. They have three boys. Joe is the oldest and Ed is the youngest. ADJETIVOS GRANDES (MAIS DE 6 LETRAS) ESTRUTURA: THE MOST + ADJETIVO Ex: London is the most popular tourist destination in England. The most important event of her life. OBS: Os superlativos serão antecedidos do artigo definido The. WATCH OUT!!! Most cheapest Most gladdest - ous (famous) - ing (boring) MOST

- ed (bored) - ful (joyful) - less (joyless)

ATENÇÃO - os seguintes adjetivos formam o comparativo e o superlativo irregularmente. Good

better

the best

Bad

worse

the worst

Far

farther/further*

the farthest / the furthest

*further = extra; additional For further information, please ring 095-6710090. Latter (adj – before noun) – near the end; final Building of the new library should begin in the latter part of next year. In the latter stages of the fight he began to tire. The latter (n) - the second of two people or things previously mentioned. She offered me more money or a car and I chose the latter. (a car) She offered me more money or a car and I chose the former. (more money) 5) GRADUAL INCREASE / DECREASE(AUMENTO/DIMINUIÇÃO GRADUAL) “cada vez mais/ cada vez menos” ESTRUTURA:

GETTING

(becoming)

+

COMPARATIVO

+

AND

COMPARATIVO OU GETTING (becoming) + MORE + AND + MORE + ADJETIVO Ex: The weather is getting hotter and hotter. Our parents are becoming older and older. China is getting more and more powerful. * Some workers are getting less and less qualified as the time goes by. 6) PARALLEL INCREASE / DECREASE ( Aumento/Diminuição paralelo,a) ESTRUTURA:

THE + COMPARATIVE OF SUPERIORITY, THE + COMPARATIVE OF SUPERIORITY (Quanto mais... , mais...)

+

THE LESS + ADJECTIVE , THE LESS ADJECTIVE (Quanto menos... , menos...) The hotter, the better. The colder it is, the hungrier I get. The more generous you are towards others, the more generous they are likely to be towards you. The less determined students are, the worse their grades stand.

TESTS The word that does NOT form the comparative in the same way as “large” or “short” is a) bad. b) sad. c) glad. d) great. e) late.

The opposite of smaller (l. 21) and lighter (l. 22) is respectively ........ and ........ A) littler – easier B) larger – heavier C) larger – easier D) littler – heavier E) bigger – greater

12. Leia as afirmações a seguir. I - A relação que existe entre as palavras da seqüência good (l. 04), better (l. 19) e best (l. 01) é a mesma que existe entre as palavras da seqüência bad, worse e worst. II - A construção more complete (l. 13) poderia ser substituída corretamente por completer. III - O contrário de more complete (l. 13) é least complete. Quais estão corretas? A. B. C. D. E.

Apenas I Apenas II Apenas III Apenas I e III Apenas II e III

A alternativa que apresenta uma expressão semelhante a “She is AS SMART AS Sue” é a)

I’ll let you go AS LONG AS you arrive home early.

b)

She brought an umbrella AS WELL AS a raincoat.

c)

We will let you AS SOON AS we have the answer.

d)

AS FAR AS I’m concerned, they were not invited to come.

e)

He is AS TALL AS his older brother.

Os antônimos corretos das partes grifadas da expressão “The best and the newest facilities” são, respectivamente, •

the most good / the youngest

•

the poorest / the most recent

c)

the baddest / the oldest

d)

the worst / the oldest

e)

the worst / the most old

Which alternative does not contain a comparative statement? a)

Some dreams are more mysterious than others.

b)

Some dreams are as real as life.

c)

Some dreams are longer than others.

d)

Some dreams are bad dreams.

e)

Some dreams are not so terrifying as others.

When will you be able to give us _____________ information about the crime? a) far b) furthest c) farthest d) farther e) further

Considere a frase This program teaches faster than any other language program. A alternativa que apresenta o significado antônimo da expressão sublinhada é a) less faster than. b) more slowly than. c) as slow as. d) as fast as.

e) the slowest.

Select the best alternative to express the superior form of comparison of the adjectives savvy and best-equipped. A.

Savvier – more best-equiped

B.

The savviest – better equipped

C.

The most savvy – the least equipped

D.

The savviest – the least equipped

E.

Savvier – better equipped