Adaptaciones Musculares al Ejercicio UVM 2020

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Magíster en Evaluación y Planificación del Entrenamiento Deportivo 2020

Adaptaciones musculares al ejercicio

Matías Monsalves-Álvarez, Ph.D

Tipos de músculos del organismo.

Músculo Esquelético: Plasticidad

Plasticidad Muscular Las fibras musculares son capaces de ajustar su tamaño y propiedades fenotípicas en respuesta a varias influencias endógenas y exógenas: ๏ Inervación. ๏ Cantidad y patrón temporal de la actividad neuromuscular. ๏ Carga y descarga mecánica. ๏ ¿Hormonas específicas?.

4

heavy chain IIb protein is not expressed in the major human muscles (Smerdu et al., 1994). An overview of the functional characteristics of different muscle fibre types is given in Table 4.2. Be aware that fibre type tables such as Table 4.2 are an oversimplification for several reasons. First, fibres have a limited ability change from one fibre type into another and

Fibras y sus características Table 4.2 Generalized fibre type characteristics of the major human and rodent fibre types

FIBRE TYPE (MAJOR MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN EXPRESSED)

TYPE I

TYPE IIA

TYPE IIX/IIB*

Description

Slow, red, fatigue resistant High Slow Slow

Intermediate, red, fatigue resistant Medium? Fast Medium

Fast, white, readily fatigued Low Slightly faster still Fast

Low

Medium

High

Low–medium

High

High High

Medium–very high Medium–high Highest

High

Medium

Low

Nuclei per mm of fibre (Tseng et al., 1994) Maximal shortening speed when fully Ca2 activated Force build up and force relaxation before and after twitches and isometric contractions ATPase activity under ‘physiological’ conditions, fully Ca2 activated Glycolytic enzyme activity (for example phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase and lactate dehydrogenase) Myoglobin content Oxidative capacity, mitochondrial enzyme activity (NADH-TR, succinate dehydrogenase stains) Capillaries per fibre or mm2

Low Low

*Type IIb myosin heavy chain is only expressed in rodent skeletal muscle but not in most human muscles. Type IIx is also known as IId. Modified after Jones et al. (2004) and Spurway and Wackerhage (2006).

¿Que factores influencian

la masa muscular?

The exercise-hormone Irisin improves bone health G Colaianni and M Grano

Genetica Nutrición Hormonas Factores Ambientales Estimulación Neural The myokine Irisin, produced by skeletal muscle during physical activity, acts directly on osteoblasts by stimulating their differentiation and activity, thereby improving

Figure 1 bone quality and strength.

expansion in white fat depots. In our experiments, we used a

clarify the role of Irisin in physiological conditions and in disease

Influencia genética en el fenotipo de fibras musculares.

Monocigoto= Gemelos Idénticos Dicigoto= Mellizos

Enzimas met. Aeróbico Succinato dehidrogenasa Malato dehidrogenasa CPT1 Enzimas anaeróbicas. ATP-PCr system Creatin kinasa Glycolytic system Fosforilase Fosfofructokinase Lactate dehydrogenase a Denotes

8.1 45.5 1.5

609.0 5.3 19.9 766.0

8.0 46.0 1.5

20.8* 65.5* 2.3*

702.0 *

589.0

5.8* 29.2 811.0

a significant difference from the untrained value.

3.7 18.9 621.0*

Disciplina deportiva y composición de fibras.

Fiber type in elite weightlifters

Table 1. Summary of literature reporting SF MHC FT% from the VL in young speed, power, or strength-trained individuals. Reference

Subjects

Condition

MHC Distribution (%) I

I/IIa

IIa

IIa/IIx

IIx

I/IIa/IIx

Andersen (1994)

Sprinting; 6M (23y)

Post 12-week RE & Interval Training

41

1

52

5

0

0

Andersen (1994)

Soccer; 8M (23y)

National Players Post 12-week RE Training

59

3

30

9

0