affixes and roots by grade level, good doc

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Prefix-Suffix-Root List by Grade Level (Generally, prefixes and suffixes change the meanings of roots, but it is usually the suffix that denotes the part of speech.)

1st Grade Prefix

nd

2 Grade Prefix

Suffix

Definition

Examples

-s,-es

plural, more than one

-ing

action/ process

-ed

past tense

hats, pigs, boxes, wishes helping, skipping, running, seeing, thinking jumped, helped

Suffix

dis-er

-est

disin-

Additional Information

Anglo-Saxon Anglo-Saxon

Present participle of verb

Anglo-Saxon

Past tense verb

(Please review affixes from prior grade.)

unre-

3rd Grade Prefix

Origin

Definition

Examples

not/ opposite again/ back

unlock, unsafe reread, rewrite, return dislike, distrust teacher, writer, baker, bigger, colder, taller biggest, coldest, tallest

not/ opposite of person connected with/ comparative degree superlative degree

Origin

Additional Information

Anglo-Saxon Latin Latin Anglo-Saxon

Anglo-Saxon

Usually an adjective

(Please review affixes from prior grades.)

Suffix

Definition

Examples

not/ opposite of not

dislike, distrust inactive, insane, 1

Origin Latin Latin

Additional Information

-ful -less -y -ly

4th Grade Prefix

inexpensive beautiful, painful careless, helpless cloudy, fishy badly, friendly, quickly

full of without characterized by/ like characteristic of

Anglo-Saxon Anglo-Saxon Anglo-Saxon Anglo-Saxon

Usually an adjective

Usually an adverb

(Please review affixes from prior grades.)

Suffix

Definition

Examples

under-

too little/ below

Anglo-Saxon

overnonprebitriquad-

too much/ above not before two three four

oct-ion, –ation –sion, -tion

eight act of/ state of/ result of

underfed, underground overdone, overhead nonfat, nonsense preplan, pretest bicycle, binocular tricycle, triangle quadrilateral, quadrant octagon, octopus attention, vision, invitation

-ness -ly

condition/ state of characteristic of

darkness, fairness badly, friendly, quickly act/ process

Anglo-Saxon Anglo-Saxon

-ment -er, -or

one who/ that which

baker, boxer, conductor, survivor

2

Origin

Additional Information

Anglo-Saxon Latin Latin Latin Latin/ Greek Latin Latin/ Greek Anglo-Saxon

enjoyment, replacement Latin

Noun (See 6th grade for explanation) Usually a noun Usually an adverb Latin Usually a noun Use –or with Latin roots for nouns (inventor, elevator) Use –er with Anglo-Saxon roots (heater, swimmer)

5th Grade Prefix

(Please review affixes from prior grades.)

Suffix

Definition

Examples

semi-

half

Latin

super-

above/ on top of/ beyond

multi-

many/ much

poly-

many/ much

tele-

distant/far

semicircle, semicolon superfine, superhuman, supersonic multicolor, multifamily polygon, polysyllable Television, telephone

mis-

mid-

middle

sub-

deca- deci-

under, beneath, below/ secondary ten

misbehave, misread, misspell intercept, interview, interstate midnight, midweek subway, subsoil, substitute

Latin

inter-

bad or badly/ wrong or wrongly between

Latin/ Greek

kilo-

1,000

milli- mille-

1,000

decathlon, decade, decimal, decimeter kilogram, kilowatt millennium, millimeter

Root

3

Origin

Latin

Latin Greek Greek

Latin

Anglo-Saxon Latin

Greek Latin

Additional Information

centi-

100 -able, -ible

can be done

-ian, -an

one having a certain skill/ relating to/ belonging to condition of/ skill

-ship

-ist -logy, -ology -ism

one who does a specific action science of/ study of act/ belief/ practice of

centimeter, centipede enjoyable, sensible, likable

Latin

electrician, magician, American, suburban championship, friendship, hardship, leadership artist, tourist

Latin

-able ending words have roots that can stand alone. enjoyable -ible ending words have roots that can not stand alone. sensible Usually a noun

Anglo-Saxon

Usually a noun

Latin/ Greek

Usually a noun

biology, chronology patriotism, idealism, absenteeism,

Greek Latin/ Greek

Usually a noun

Usually a noun -ence and –ance sound alike because of the schwa. –ence is used somewhat more often than – ance. Usually a noun

Latin

-ence, -ance

act/ condition of

persistence, excellence, assistance, importance

Latin

-ess

feminine

actress, lioness

Latin/ Greek

4

max(i)

great

maximum, maximize diameter, odometer, metric, perimeter photograph, telephoto, photocopy portable, transport aquaphobia, claustrophobic technophobe

Latin

meter, metr

measure

photo

light

port

to carry

phobia, phobic, phobe

irrational fear or hatred/ one who fears/ hates

rupt

break/ burst

bankrupt, rupture, disruptive

Latin

scrib, script

to write

describe, manuscript

Latin

gram, graph

written/ drawn

Greek

dict ject

to say/ tell to throw

autograph, paragraph, telegram diction, dictator inject, objection

5

Greek

Greek

Latin Greek

Latin Latin

There are names for more than 500 phobias, most of which come from the field of medicine. FYI: Erupt means to explode. (The volcano erupted.) Irrupt means to rush or burst in. (The police irrupted into the hideout.) Verbs usually use scribe, as in prescribe; nouns usually use script, as in prescription.

spect, spec

6th Grade Prefix

to see/ watch/ observe

prospect, respect, specimen

Latin

(Please review affixes and roots from prior grades.)

en-, em-

foredetrans-

antidi-, dia-

ex-

Suffix

Root

Definition

Examples

to cause to be/ to put into or onto/ to go into or onto before/ earlier

encounter, Latin enable, employ, embark, encircle

reduce down/ away from across/ change/ through

Latin

opposite/ against two/ through/ across

auto-

out of/ away from self

in- (il-, im-, ir-)

not

6

forearm, foreword defeat, deform, decrease transformation, transportation, transfer antibiotic, antifreeze digraph, dialogue, diagonal extract, exhale, extend autograph, automatic inability, impatient, irregular, illegal

Origin

Additional Information

Anglo-Saxon

Latin

Greek Greek

Latin/ Greek Greek Latin

il- used before roots beginning with l illegible im- used before roots beginning with b, m, p immature, imbalance, impatient

in- (il-, im-, ir-)

in/ on/ toward

bio-

life

mini-

small

micro-

small/ minute

uni-

-en -dom

-ity -al, -ial

-ion, -ation –sion, -tion

-ish

infer, illustrate, improve, irrigate biography, Greek biological miniature, Latin minimum

microbiology, microscope one/ single unicorn, unicycle, uniform made of/ to wooden, make dampen, tighten condition of boredom, freedom, kingdom state of/ quality prosperity, of equality related to/ colonial, characterized biennial, dental, by betrayal act of/ state of/ tension, result of attention, elevation, union

Greek

relating to/ characteristic

Anglo-Saxon

7

childish, foolish

ir- used before roots beginning with r irregular Same prefix usage is applied as above

From the Latin word miniature… Modern generations shortened miniature to mini-.

Latin

Anglo-Saxon Anglo-Saxon

Usually a noun

Latin

Usually a noun

Latin

Usually an adjective

Anglo-Saxon

The real suffix is –ion. Putting s or t in front of –ion is simply determined by the spelling of the root. Usually a noun Usually an adjective

of an action/ condition

-ent, -ant

student, contestant, immigrant

Latin

-ent, -ant

causing a specific action

obedient, absorbent, abundant, elegant

Latin

-hood

the state/ the condition/ the quality

boyhood, likelihood

Anglo-Saxon

aqua

water

Latin

act

put in motion/ process of doing to send year

aquarium, aquamarine action, react, transact emit, transmit anniversary, semiannual, millennium archenemy, matriarch induce, conduct geography, geology manicure, manually

Latin Latin

mit anni, annu, enni arch

chief/ ruler

duct, duc geo

lead earth/ ground/ soil hand

man

8

Often a noun The suffix –ant often indicates a person noun. Often an adjective -ent and –ant sound alike because of the schwa. –ent is used somewhat more often than –ant. Usually a noun History of the suffix –hood  Old English: -had  Middle English: hod  Modern English: -hood

Latin

Greek Latin Greek Latin

Usually a noun

7th Grade Prefix

nym, onym

name/ word

phon

voice/ sound

therm

heat

tox

poison

scope

to watch/ see

antonym, synonym telephone, symphony thermometer, thermostat toxic, toxicology horoscope, microscope, telescope

Greek Greek Greek Latin Greek

(Please review affixes and roots from prior grades.)

Suffix

Definition

Examples

ante-

in front of/ before

antecedent, antebellum

Latin

ab-

from/ away

Latin

a-

on/ in/ to

a-

without/ not

co-, con-, com-

together/ with

pro-

forward/ before/ in support of

absent, absorb, abnormal across, aboard, aside atypical, amoral, asocial cooperate, concede, combine proceed, pronoun, prohibit

Root

9

Origin

Anglo-Saxon/ Latin Anglo-Saxon/ Latin Latin

Latin/ Greek

Additional Information Fun information – antepenultimate means next to the next to the last…this word can usually be found on the SAT.

Concrete – meaning to harden or to grow together Some words with pro- as a prefix are often hyphenated, so be sure to check the dictionary.

intra-

within

intranet, intramural great/ huge megabyte, megaphone after/ following postpone, postwar full of/ adventurous, characterized nervous, by mysterious, courteous

Latin

Latin

Usually an adjective

-ive, -itive, -ative

inclined/ tending toward an action

festive, talkative, active, sensitive

Latin

-ic

relating to/ characterized by to make/ to cause to become to make result of an action/ collection characterized by a specified quality, condition, or action time

energetic, historic

Latin/ Greek

Words that end with –de (intrude) change the –de to s then add –ive (intrusive). Words that end with silent e (create) drop the e then add –ive (creative). Usually an adjective

fertilize, criticize, apologize satisfy, magnify manage, drainage, acreage awesome, lonesome

Latin/ Greek

Usually a verb

Latin Latin

Usually a verb

Anglo-Saxon

Primarily used with Anglo-Saxon base words.

chronology,

Greek

megapost-ous, -ious, -eous

-ize

-fy, -ify -age

-some

chron

10

Greek Latin

temp

time

aer, aero cede, ceed

air to go/ yield/ surrender

cept, ceive

to take/ catch/ seize/ hold/ receive

fract, frag

to break

synchronize temporary, temperature aerial, aerospace proceed, secede, precede, concede accept, deceive

Latin Greek Latin

Latin

fracture, fraction, fragment race, kind, or gender, genetics, species/ birth genesis thanks/ congratulations, pleasing gratify free liberty, liberate law/ to choose/ legend, legal, to pick/ to read/ intelligent, elect, to speak lecture

Latin

mater, matr, matri

mother

Latin

pater, patr mot, mob

father to move

opt

eye/ to make a choice foot

gen grat liber leg, lect, lig

ped, pod

11

maternal, matrimony, matriarch paternal, patriot motivate, mobilize optometry, optic, optional pedal,

Additional roots with same definition: cap (captive) ceit (conceit) cep (concept) cip (municipal)

Latin Latin Latin Latin

Latin Latin Latin Latin

The roots lect, lect, and lig are related to the Greek combining form logos, meaning speech or word.

8th Grade Prefix

pedestrian, tripod pediatrician urban, suburban

ped urb

child city

pop

people

tract

to draw/ pull

form

to shape

pend

to hang/ weigh

population, popular attract, distract, retract conform, reform, transform suspend, pendulum

Examples

omni-

over/ above/ excessive below/ less than normal all

homo-

same

hetero-

different/ other

hyperactive, hypercritical hypothermia, hypnosis omnipresent, omniscient homogeneous, homonym heterochromatic, heterogeneous

hypo-, hyp-

Exurb: a modern word meaning large cities that directly surround a major city (Arlington is an exurb of Dallas.)

Latin Latin Latin

Latin

(Please review affixes and roots from prior grades.)

Definition

hyper-

Greek Latin

Suffix

Root

12

Origin

Additional Information

Greek Greek Latin Latin Greek

Heteronyms: words with the same spelling, but different meanings (dove – the bird;

dove – did dive) ultra-

beyond in degree/ extreme kill

-cide -ery

relating to/ quality/ place where relating to/ place where/ one who

-ary

-ium -tude aud cred archae, arche, archi belli claim, clam crat, cracy hemo, hema luna mar

ultramarine, ultraviolet

Latin

germicide, pesticide imagery, pottery, bakery

Latin

Usually a noun

Anglo-Saxon

Usually a noun

Latin

Noun/ adjective

Greek

Usually a noun

Latin

Usually a noun

dictionary, infirmary cautionary, dietary, missionary chemical helium, element/ group aquarium condition/ altitude, state/ quality of gratitude to hear/ listen audible, audition to believe credit, incredible primitive/ archaeologist, ancient archives, achetype war belligerent, bellicose to declare/ call exclaim, out/ cry out clamorous rule/ strength/ democrat, power aristocracy blood hematology, hemophilia moon lunar, lunatic sea maritime, submarine 13

Latin Latin Greek

Latin Latin Greek Greek Latin Latin

9th Grade Prefix

mort

death

mortuary, mortality apathetic, pathology

Latin

path

pel struc, struct

feeling/ suffering/ disease to drive/ push to build

expel, propeller construct, instructor

Latin Latin

vis, vid voc, voke

to see to call

vision, evidence advocate, revoke

Latin Latin

cogn

to know

Latin

loc, loqu

to speak/ talk/ say

cognition, recognize colloquial, ventriloquist, loquacious

Greek

See Affix Matrix for the root struct on final page of this document.

Latin

(Please review affixes and roots from prior grades.)

Suffix

Root

Definition

Examples

bene

well/ good

cardi

heart

ego

self

don, donat luc, lum

give/ gift light

mania

madness/ frenzy/ abnormal

benediction, beneficial cardiac, cardiology egocentric, egoism donate, donation translucent, illuminate maniac, kleptomania

14

Origin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Greek

Additional Information

nate, nat neg neo nov phys

desire/ obsession born no/ deny new new nature

psych

mind/ soul

reg sci

guide/ rule to know/ learn

sol

alone

tact, tang terr vac ver, veri

to touch land empty true/ genuine

15

native, innate negative, negate neonatal novice physics, physical psychic, psychopath regime, regent science, conscience solitary, soliloquy contact, tangible terrain, territory vacate, evacuate verdict, veritable

Latin Latin Greek Latin Greek Greek Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin Latin

References Ebbers, Susan M. Vocabulary Through Morphemes. Longmont, CO: Sopris West. 2003. Henry, Marcia K. Unlocking Literacy. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing. 2003. Terban, Marvin. Building Your Vocabulary. New York: Scholastic Inc. 2002. The American Heritage High School Dictionary. Fourth Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2002

Affix Matrix re de

con

de in ob sub super infra

s ed ing

struct

ive or

ly s s ism ist s ed ing

ion

ure al

Add one or more of the above affixes to the root struct.

16

ly

Example: destructively (Try to create at least 60 words.)