Cuddon - THE PENGUIN DICTIONARY OF LITERARY TERMS AND LITERARY THEORY
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PENGUIN
REFERENCE
The first edition of this authoritative and illuminating dictionary wa hailed as 'a superlative work of reference that will also be read for pleasure'. In this new edition many of the 2,000 terms originally defined have completely revised entries, and there are several hundred entirely new entr ,ies. The coverage of the dictionary has been expanded to encompass literary theo and the critical movements that have developed since the book's first publicatio Now, in addition to stimulating entries on the language of literature and literary criticism, from barcarole and desert-island fiction to sprung rhythm and vorticism, there are numerous sections on theoretical topics. Among these are Freudian and psychoanalytic criticism, formalism, grammatology, hermeneutics, post-modernism and structuralism. 'Scholarly, succinct, comprehensive and entertaining, this is an important book, an indispensable work of reference. lt draws on the literature of many language and quotes aptly and freshly from our own' - The Times Educationa/Supplement 'Some entries accomplish cameo wonders of literary history. Others are funny ... generously and urbanely comP,iled' - The New York Times THIRD EDITION
The cover shows Aristotle (Mansell Collection) , Samuel Johnson by Joshua Reynolds (National Portrait Gallery) and Roland Barthes (Camera Press)
ISBN 0-14-051227-6 Reference
u.,K. f9.99 AUST. $24.95 (recommended) CAN. $18.99 U.S.A. $15.00
90401
9
780140
512274
PENGUIN
REFERENCE
BOOKS
THE PENGUIN DICTIONARY OF LITERAR Y TERMS AND LITERAR Y THEOR Y
]. A. Cuddon was born in 1928 and educated at. Douai and at Brasenose College, Oxford, where, after taking a degree, he did postgraduate work on the concept of evil and the devil in medieval and Renaissance literature. He also represented the university at cricket, rugby and hockey, though without gaining a 'blue'. For some ten years he wrote only plays, before turning to other forms. Apart from numerous essays, short stories, ;i.rticles, a dozen plays and three libretti, he has published a numbcr of novcls, notably A Multitude of Sins, Testament of lscariot, Acts of Darkness, The Six Wounds and The Bride of Battersea, which have been translated into several languages, and two travel books; The Owl's Watchsong: a Study of Istanbul and the Companion Guide to Yugoslavia, which have also been translated. This Dictionary of Literary Terms was begun while he was on a fellowship at Cambridge in 1968, and it was completed seven years later. In 1971 he r~ceived an award from the Goldsmiths' Company to make a study of medieval frescoes in Serbia and Macedonia. In 1980 he published A Dictionary of Sport and Games, a twomillion word aocount of most of ehe sports and games of the world since 5200 BC. This came out in paperback in 1981. A compulsivc traveller (with a special interest in the Balkans and Near East), his _ main recreations are going to the theatre, watching spart and pursuing an amateur interest in zoology. He has edited The Penguin Book of Ghost Stories and The Penguin Book of Horror Stories (both published · in 1984) and is currcntly finishing a novel and a book about travels in the Balkans.
THE PENGUIN DICTIONARY OF LITERAR Y TERMS AND LITERAR Y THEOR Y THIRD EDITION
J. A.
CUDDON
PENGUIN
BOOKS
PENGUJN
BOOKS
Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Books Ltd, 27 Wrights Lane, London w8 5TZ, England Penguin Books USA Jnc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA Penguin Books Austraiia Ltd, Ringwood, Victoria, Australia Penguin Books Canada Ltd, 10 Alcorn Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4V 3B2 Penguin Books (NZ) Ltd, 182-190 Wairau Road, Auckland ro, New Zealand Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: Harmondswortn,
Middlesex, England
A Dictionary of Lit~rary Terms first published in Great Britain by Andre Deutsch Ltd 1977 First published in the USA by Doubleday & Company, Inc. 1977 Revised edition published in Great Britain by Andre Deutsch Ltd 1979 Revised edition published in the USA by Doubleday & Company, Inc. 1?80 Revised edition published in Penguin Books 1982. Published in Penguin Books in the USA by arrangement with Doubleday & Compuny, Inc. Third edition, under the title The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Uterary Theory, published in Great Britain and the USA by Basil ßlackwell ,99, Thirg edition published in Penguin Books 1992 5 7 9 10 8 6 4
Copyright©
J. A.
Cuddon, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1991 All rights reserved
The moral right of the author has been asserted Printed in England by Clays Ltd, St lves plc Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the condition rhat it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without thc publishcr's prior conscnt in any form of binding or covcr other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subst:4ut:nt pun:hascr
TO THE MASTER AND FELLOWS OF MAGDALENE IN GRA TITUDE
COLLEGE,
CAMBRIDGE,
POR THEIR KIND NESS
AND HOSPIT ALITY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
A. Alvarez, pastiche in the preface to The New Poetry ( 1961), by perinission of the author. Kingsley Amis, extract from 'ßeowulf' by permission of the author. W. H. Auden, 'If I could teil you' and extracts from Letter to Lord Byron from Collected Poems, by permission of Faber & Faber aud Random House Inc.' Nicolas Bentley, two clerihews by permission of the author. John Berryman, extract from 'The Dispossessed' from Homage to Mistress Bradstreet by permission of Faber & Faber and Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc. John Betjeman, extract from 'In Westminster Abbey' from Collected Poems by permission of the author and John Murray Ltd. Roy Campbell, 'The Seventh Sword' from Mithraic Emblems, by permission of The Bodley Head. Charles Causley, extracts from 'Mother, Get Up, Unbar the Door', 'The Prisoners of Love', 'Timothy Winters' and 'The Life of the Poet', by permission of the author and David Higham Associates Ltd. J. R. Clark Hall, extracts f~om translation of Beowulf by permission of George Allen & Unwin Ltd and Barnes & Noble. Jack Clemo, extract from 'The Plundered Fuchsias' from The Map of Clay, by permission of Methuen & Co USA Ltd. Wendy Cope, for 'Valentine' by permission of the author. John Crowe Ransom, extract from 'Dog' from Selected Poems, by permission of Laurence Pollinger Ltd and Alfred A. Knopf, Random House lnc. C. Day Lewis, extraci: from 'Sing We the Two Lieutenants' from A Time to Dance in Collected Poems 1954, by permission of the Executor of the Estate of C. Day Lewis, Hogarth Press and Jonathan Cape Ltd. T. S. Eliot,-extracts from 'The Love Song of J. Alfred Prutrock', ''l'he Waste Land', 'Ash Wednesday', Little Gidding', ~nd 'Dry Salvagt.".s' vu
Acknowledgments
from Collected Poems 1909-1962; UK: by permission of Faber & Faber and USA: 'from Collected Poems 1909-1962 by T. S. Eliot, copyright 1963, 1964, by T. S. Eliot. Reprinted by permission of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc.' D. J. Enright, exttact from 'The Laughing Hyena by Hokusai' from Selected Poems, by permission of Chatto & Windus and Bolt & Watson. Geoffrey Hili, extract from 'God's Little Mountain' from For the Unfallen by permission of the author and Andre Deutsch Ltd. David Holbrook, 'Living? Our Supervisors will do that for Us' reprinted by permission of the author. Ted Hughes, extracts from 'February', 'View of a Pig', and 'Thrushes' from Lupercal, by permission of the author, Faber & Faber and Harper & Row. Robinson Jeffers, extract from 'Hurt Hawks' from The Selected Poetry of Robinson ]ejfers, by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, Random House Inc. David Jones, extracts from 'Middle Sea and Lear Sea' from Anathemata, by permission of Faber & Faber and the Chilmark Press. James Kirkup, extracts from 'Four Haiku on the Inland Sea', from Paper Windows, by permission of the author and Curtis Brown Ltd. Philip Larkin, extract from 'The Whitsun Weddings', by permission of the author and Faber & Faber. D. H. Lawrence, 'Kangaroo' and 'Snake'; UK: by permission of Laurence Pollinger Ltd; USA: 'From the Complete Poems of D. H. Lawrence edited by Vivian de Sola Pinto and F. Warren Roberts, copyright 1964, 1971, by Angelo Ravagli and C. M. Weekley. Executors of the Estate of Frieda Lawrence Ravagli. All rights reserved. Reprinted by permission of the Viking Press Inc.' Robert Lowell, extracts from 'Our Lady of Walsingham', 'Mr Edwards and the Spider', 'The Holy Innocents', and 'Man and Wife' from Lord Weary's Castle in Poems 1938-49, by permission of Faber & Faber and Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc. George MacBeth, extracts from 'The God of Love' by permission of the author. Hugh Macdiarmid, extract from 'On a Raised Beach' by permission o{ .the author. Norman McCaig, extract from 'Mutual Life' by permission of the author and Granada Publishing Ltd. Roger McGough, extract from 'Hoarding' from Watchwords by Vlll
Acknowledgments
permission of the author, Jonathan Cape Ltd and Hope Leresche & Steele. John Masefield, extract from 'Cargoes' by permission of the Society of Authors and Macmillan Publishing Company lnc. Ogden Nash; 'Reflections on Ice Breaking' from Versesfrom 1929 On (plus extra lines 'pot/is not'), 'What's the Use?' copyright Ogden Nash 1931 and 'Requiem', copyright Ogden Nash 1938 by permission of A. P. Watt & Son and Little, Brown & Co. Sylvia Plath, extract from 'The Moon and the Yew Tree' by pcrmission of Miss Olwyn Hughes and Harper & Row. Ezra Pound, extracts from 'The Seafarer'; UK: Faber & Faber; USA: 'Ezra Pound. PERSONAE. Copyright 1926 by Ezra Pound. Reprinted by permissiun uf New. Directions Publishing Corporation.' Peter Redgrove, extracts from 'Lazarus and the Sea' and 'The Archaeologist' from The Collector and Other Poems by permission of the author and Routledge Kegan Paul Ltd. Dylan Thomas, 'Vision and Prayer' from Collected Poems; UK: J. M. Dent and the Trustees for the copyrights of the late Dylan Thomas; USA: 'The Poems of Dylan Thomas. Copyright 1946 by New Directions Publishing Corporation. Reprintcd by pcrmission ot New Directions Publishing Corporation.' · R. S. Thomas, extracts from 'The Welsh Hili Country', 'Song at the Year's Turning', and 'A Blackbird Singing' from Poetry for Supper, by permission of the author and Granada Publishing Ltd. Vernon Watkins, extract from 'The Ballad of the Mari Lwyd' by permission of Faber & Faber. W. B. Yeats, extracts from 'Sailing to Byzantium' and 'Among School Children' from The Collected Poems of W. B. Yeats, by permission uf M. B. Yeats, Miss AMe Yeats and Macmillan of London an
REFERENCE
The first edition of this authoritative and illuminating dictionary wa hailed as 'a superlative work of reference that will also be read for pleasure'. In this new edition many of the 2,000 terms originally defined have completely revised entries, and there are several hundred entirely new entr ,ies. The coverage of the dictionary has been expanded to encompass literary theo and the critical movements that have developed since the book's first publicatio Now, in addition to stimulating entries on the language of literature and literary criticism, from barcarole and desert-island fiction to sprung rhythm and vorticism, there are numerous sections on theoretical topics. Among these are Freudian and psychoanalytic criticism, formalism, grammatology, hermeneutics, post-modernism and structuralism. 'Scholarly, succinct, comprehensive and entertaining, this is an important book, an indispensable work of reference. lt draws on the literature of many language and quotes aptly and freshly from our own' - The Times Educationa/Supplement 'Some entries accomplish cameo wonders of literary history. Others are funny ... generously and urbanely comP,iled' - The New York Times THIRD EDITION
The cover shows Aristotle (Mansell Collection) , Samuel Johnson by Joshua Reynolds (National Portrait Gallery) and Roland Barthes (Camera Press)
ISBN 0-14-051227-6 Reference
u.,K. f9.99 AUST. $24.95 (recommended) CAN. $18.99 U.S.A. $15.00
90401
9
780140
512274
PENGUIN
REFERENCE
BOOKS
THE PENGUIN DICTIONARY OF LITERAR Y TERMS AND LITERAR Y THEOR Y
]. A. Cuddon was born in 1928 and educated at. Douai and at Brasenose College, Oxford, where, after taking a degree, he did postgraduate work on the concept of evil and the devil in medieval and Renaissance literature. He also represented the university at cricket, rugby and hockey, though without gaining a 'blue'. For some ten years he wrote only plays, before turning to other forms. Apart from numerous essays, short stories, ;i.rticles, a dozen plays and three libretti, he has published a numbcr of novcls, notably A Multitude of Sins, Testament of lscariot, Acts of Darkness, The Six Wounds and The Bride of Battersea, which have been translated into several languages, and two travel books; The Owl's Watchsong: a Study of Istanbul and the Companion Guide to Yugoslavia, which have also been translated. This Dictionary of Literary Terms was begun while he was on a fellowship at Cambridge in 1968, and it was completed seven years later. In 1971 he r~ceived an award from the Goldsmiths' Company to make a study of medieval frescoes in Serbia and Macedonia. In 1980 he published A Dictionary of Sport and Games, a twomillion word aocount of most of ehe sports and games of the world since 5200 BC. This came out in paperback in 1981. A compulsivc traveller (with a special interest in the Balkans and Near East), his _ main recreations are going to the theatre, watching spart and pursuing an amateur interest in zoology. He has edited The Penguin Book of Ghost Stories and The Penguin Book of Horror Stories (both published · in 1984) and is currcntly finishing a novel and a book about travels in the Balkans.
THE PENGUIN DICTIONARY OF LITERAR Y TERMS AND LITERAR Y THEOR Y THIRD EDITION
J. A.
CUDDON
PENGUIN
BOOKS
PENGUJN
BOOKS
Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Books Ltd, 27 Wrights Lane, London w8 5TZ, England Penguin Books USA Jnc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA Penguin Books Austraiia Ltd, Ringwood, Victoria, Australia Penguin Books Canada Ltd, 10 Alcorn Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4V 3B2 Penguin Books (NZ) Ltd, 182-190 Wairau Road, Auckland ro, New Zealand Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: Harmondswortn,
Middlesex, England
A Dictionary of Lit~rary Terms first published in Great Britain by Andre Deutsch Ltd 1977 First published in the USA by Doubleday & Company, Inc. 1977 Revised edition published in Great Britain by Andre Deutsch Ltd 1979 Revised edition published in the USA by Doubleday & Company, Inc. 1?80 Revised edition published in Penguin Books 1982. Published in Penguin Books in the USA by arrangement with Doubleday & Compuny, Inc. Third edition, under the title The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Uterary Theory, published in Great Britain and the USA by Basil ßlackwell ,99, Thirg edition published in Penguin Books 1992 5 7 9 10 8 6 4
Copyright©
J. A.
Cuddon, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1991 All rights reserved
The moral right of the author has been asserted Printed in England by Clays Ltd, St lves plc Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the condition rhat it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without thc publishcr's prior conscnt in any form of binding or covcr other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subst:4ut:nt pun:hascr
TO THE MASTER AND FELLOWS OF MAGDALENE IN GRA TITUDE
COLLEGE,
CAMBRIDGE,
POR THEIR KIND NESS
AND HOSPIT ALITY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
A. Alvarez, pastiche in the preface to The New Poetry ( 1961), by perinission of the author. Kingsley Amis, extract from 'ßeowulf' by permission of the author. W. H. Auden, 'If I could teil you' and extracts from Letter to Lord Byron from Collected Poems, by permission of Faber & Faber aud Random House Inc.' Nicolas Bentley, two clerihews by permission of the author. John Berryman, extract from 'The Dispossessed' from Homage to Mistress Bradstreet by permission of Faber & Faber and Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc. John Betjeman, extract from 'In Westminster Abbey' from Collected Poems by permission of the author and John Murray Ltd. Roy Campbell, 'The Seventh Sword' from Mithraic Emblems, by permission of The Bodley Head. Charles Causley, extracts from 'Mother, Get Up, Unbar the Door', 'The Prisoners of Love', 'Timothy Winters' and 'The Life of the Poet', by permission of the author and David Higham Associates Ltd. J. R. Clark Hall, extracts f~om translation of Beowulf by permission of George Allen & Unwin Ltd and Barnes & Noble. Jack Clemo, extract from 'The Plundered Fuchsias' from The Map of Clay, by permission of Methuen & Co USA Ltd. Wendy Cope, for 'Valentine' by permission of the author. John Crowe Ransom, extract from 'Dog' from Selected Poems, by permission of Laurence Pollinger Ltd and Alfred A. Knopf, Random House lnc. C. Day Lewis, extraci: from 'Sing We the Two Lieutenants' from A Time to Dance in Collected Poems 1954, by permission of the Executor of the Estate of C. Day Lewis, Hogarth Press and Jonathan Cape Ltd. T. S. Eliot,-extracts from 'The Love Song of J. Alfred Prutrock', ''l'he Waste Land', 'Ash Wednesday', Little Gidding', ~nd 'Dry Salvagt.".s' vu
Acknowledgments
from Collected Poems 1909-1962; UK: by permission of Faber & Faber and USA: 'from Collected Poems 1909-1962 by T. S. Eliot, copyright 1963, 1964, by T. S. Eliot. Reprinted by permission of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc.' D. J. Enright, exttact from 'The Laughing Hyena by Hokusai' from Selected Poems, by permission of Chatto & Windus and Bolt & Watson. Geoffrey Hili, extract from 'God's Little Mountain' from For the Unfallen by permission of the author and Andre Deutsch Ltd. David Holbrook, 'Living? Our Supervisors will do that for Us' reprinted by permission of the author. Ted Hughes, extracts from 'February', 'View of a Pig', and 'Thrushes' from Lupercal, by permission of the author, Faber & Faber and Harper & Row. Robinson Jeffers, extract from 'Hurt Hawks' from The Selected Poetry of Robinson ]ejfers, by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, Random House Inc. David Jones, extracts from 'Middle Sea and Lear Sea' from Anathemata, by permission of Faber & Faber and the Chilmark Press. James Kirkup, extracts from 'Four Haiku on the Inland Sea', from Paper Windows, by permission of the author and Curtis Brown Ltd. Philip Larkin, extract from 'The Whitsun Weddings', by permission of the author and Faber & Faber. D. H. Lawrence, 'Kangaroo' and 'Snake'; UK: by permission of Laurence Pollinger Ltd; USA: 'From the Complete Poems of D. H. Lawrence edited by Vivian de Sola Pinto and F. Warren Roberts, copyright 1964, 1971, by Angelo Ravagli and C. M. Weekley. Executors of the Estate of Frieda Lawrence Ravagli. All rights reserved. Reprinted by permission of the Viking Press Inc.' Robert Lowell, extracts from 'Our Lady of Walsingham', 'Mr Edwards and the Spider', 'The Holy Innocents', and 'Man and Wife' from Lord Weary's Castle in Poems 1938-49, by permission of Faber & Faber and Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc. George MacBeth, extracts from 'The God of Love' by permission of the author. Hugh Macdiarmid, extract from 'On a Raised Beach' by permission o{ .the author. Norman McCaig, extract from 'Mutual Life' by permission of the author and Granada Publishing Ltd. Roger McGough, extract from 'Hoarding' from Watchwords by Vlll
Acknowledgments
permission of the author, Jonathan Cape Ltd and Hope Leresche & Steele. John Masefield, extract from 'Cargoes' by permission of the Society of Authors and Macmillan Publishing Company lnc. Ogden Nash; 'Reflections on Ice Breaking' from Versesfrom 1929 On (plus extra lines 'pot/is not'), 'What's the Use?' copyright Ogden Nash 1931 and 'Requiem', copyright Ogden Nash 1938 by permission of A. P. Watt & Son and Little, Brown & Co. Sylvia Plath, extract from 'The Moon and the Yew Tree' by pcrmission of Miss Olwyn Hughes and Harper & Row. Ezra Pound, extracts from 'The Seafarer'; UK: Faber & Faber; USA: 'Ezra Pound. PERSONAE. Copyright 1926 by Ezra Pound. Reprinted by permissiun uf New. Directions Publishing Corporation.' Peter Redgrove, extracts from 'Lazarus and the Sea' and 'The Archaeologist' from The Collector and Other Poems by permission of the author and Routledge Kegan Paul Ltd. Dylan Thomas, 'Vision and Prayer' from Collected Poems; UK: J. M. Dent and the Trustees for the copyrights of the late Dylan Thomas; USA: 'The Poems of Dylan Thomas. Copyright 1946 by New Directions Publishing Corporation. Reprintcd by pcrmission ot New Directions Publishing Corporation.' · R. S. Thomas, extracts from 'The Welsh Hili Country', 'Song at the Year's Turning', and 'A Blackbird Singing' from Poetry for Supper, by permission of the author and Granada Publishing Ltd. Vernon Watkins, extract from 'The Ballad of the Mari Lwyd' by permission of Faber & Faber. W. B. Yeats, extracts from 'Sailing to Byzantium' and 'Among School Children' from The Collected Poems of W. B. Yeats, by permission uf M. B. Yeats, Miss AMe Yeats and Macmillan of London an
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Cuddon - THE PENGUIN DICTIONARY OF LITERARY TERMS AND LITERARY THEORY
1,072 Pages • 396,113 Words • PDF • 27.9 MB